Cyproterone acetate (CA) has been loaded to liposome by solvent evaporation and thin film formation technique. The effects of some formulation variables such as temperature of organic solvent evaporation, rotary evaporator speed, volume of organic solvent, volume of balloon and temperature of hydrating buffer has been evaluated. The data showed that bigger balloon with higher surface area has better capacity for lipidic film formation; also the best temperature for solvent evaporation and film hydration was 40oC. According to the data with higher drug/lipid ratio, it is possible to load higher amount of drug into liposome but optimum loading could be obtained at phosphatidylcholine (PC): cholesterol/drug ratio of 1: 2: 0.5 (with maximum 74±6.11% loading efficiency). Finally percutaneous absorption of CA from simple gel and liposomal formulations was assessed. The results showed that liposomal formulation has better penetration potential than conventional CA formulation (simple gel).

A topical drug delivery system can be a future trend for drug delivery because of the availability of the largest surface area of skin than any other organ. Although the skin has some advantages such as ease of application, patient compliance, and safety, it has many disadvantages such as permeability and bioavailability via first-pass metabolism and others. Nanoemulsion can be a future trend for topical delivery of drugs because of its very fine droplet size range, lipophilic and/or hydrophilic nature, and suitability for various administration routes such as parenteral, oral, topical, intranasal, ocular, and pulmonary. The contents of nanoemulsions make them suitable for human use because the oil/lipid, water, surfactants, and co-surfactants used in the formulation of nanoemulsion are relatively safe and nontoxic. Nowadays, people are more attracted to natural preparations as of their inherited qualities and fewer side effects. Due to herbal drugs’,compatibility in nanoemulsion, it is considered the best technology for the green approach of the medicine system. The article presented the foundation for the above statement by different literature surveys on the herbal nanoemulsion formulations.

The aim of the present study was to improve the release rate of curcumin by microsponges prepared through quasi-emulsionsolvent diffusion technique using ethylcellulose and PVA as carriers. The microsponges were characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRD and SEM studies followed by determination of total drug content and entrapment efficiency. The prepared microspongeswere further filled in hard gelatin capsule shell and then loaded in carbopol gel to evaluate its potential in oral and topicaldrug delivery. Further, it was observed from the studies on release rate that microsponges filled in hard gelatin capsule shells(batch MS4) showed 93. 2% release of curcumin whereas pure curcumin filled in capsule showed only 11. 7% release in 8 hstudy. Furthermore, the microsponges loaded in carbopol gel were evaluated for ex vivo drug deposition studies and it wasfound that 77. 5% of the curcumin was released within 24 h. The estimated drug remained in the skin was 207. 61 ± 5. 03 μ g/cm2 as determined by a Franz diffusion cell. The drug release profile data were found to be fitted best into the zero-ordermodel with anomalous transport mechanism of drug release in both cases.

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that potentially have the ability to cause disease in humans and animals. Fungal infections are called mycosis, which are divided into four types of superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic, depending on the area of the body involved. Though cutaneous mycoses are rarely life-threatening infections, they can isolate the patient socially due to the disfigurement of the tissues they caused, as a result of which, treatment has always been an important issue. On the other hand the similarity of fungi to mammalian cells led to difficulties in the development of novel antifungal drugs. Consequently, in recent years, extensive efforts have been made to design and develop novel drug delivery systems with better efficacy for drug delivery of conventional anti-fungal drugs. In this study, we compared conventional forms and novel drug delivery systems of a number of antifungal drugs. All studies confirm the relative priority of novel drug delivery systems to conventional forms in terms of penetration, release, and antifungal effects.